What Is It to Live in Time Observing Nature and Society in the Long Run of Time

Introduction Theoretical issues can be of primary importance for making certain decisions because theoretical ideas are implemented in practice. Observation of nature and society can clarify the issue of living in a certain period of time and experiences the processes that take place in natural environment, in society, and interact with other individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is It to Live in Time: Observing Nature and Society in the Long Run of Time specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As some conclusions can be based on observations, it is necessary to consider the work by Engels and Marx that analyses the relationships between individuals in society in terms of their connections to each other and types of interactions; Freud focuses on the role of an individual in a society in terms of its relations to the civilization, and Darwin emphasizes the relations of individuals in terms of natural environm ent and other living species that inhabit the same territory. Examination of Sources The Communist Manifesto by Engels and Marx â€Å"A specter is haunting Europe — the specter of communism† (Marx and Engels, Preamble). The first statement of the manifesto identifies the relation of people towards the period of time they live in and characterizes the relations between people. As communism is described as specter, people are either unaware or afraid of it. However, the next passage clarifies the issue and analyzes that people were aware of communism but did not know exactly the peculiarities of regime and its consequences for the world. So, one of the prominent features of this work can be considered an idea of observation enlarged on while writing. For instance, the author described the ways of production and their adjustment to the needs of contemporary people hence thinking about changes that should be made in every situation when time comes, some time is necessary t o see the necessity of changes and take appropriate steps: â€Å"The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets† (Marx and Engels, Chapter 1, para. 7). Thus, the author analyzes the actions of people and relations between different classes in society by observing the history and inferring from events that happen all the time. Repetition of events is the main concept that can be emphasized from Marx’s observation of society in a long period of time. Civilization and Its Discontents by Freud People need those ‘regulations which adjust the mutual relationships of human beings in the family, the state and society† (Freud 59). This is one of the examples that demonstrate how the author used observation of nature and society to infer from things he saw. The work is aimed at analysis and interpretation of the major reasons and preconditions for creation or appearance of civilizations.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Freud noticed that all individuals have something in common and that every period of time can be marked with certain peculiar features that can be tips for creation of civilizations though every change requires a lot of time. Moreover, he analyzed the events that took place in the era such as the World War I where all technological innovations were used and the nature of order: â€Å"The benefits of order are incontestable. It enables men to use space and time to the best advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Freud 70). Freud tried to explain that time is the only concept that is important because people adjust to certain life situations after experiencing difficulties. On Natural Selection by Darwin Chares Darwin contributed greatly to the development of evolutionary theory and clarified some aspects of natural selecti on: â€Å"We behold the face of nature bright with gladness, we often see superabundance of food; we do not see, or we forget, that the birds which are idly singing round us mostly live on insects of seeds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Darwin 1). In this respect, the whole concept of theories was built using the method of observation that enabled the author to see differences and similarities in certain areas of nature and society and analyze the importance of species, selection (that was mostly compared to breeding), and evolution. The author claims that nature can make more obvious changes in the look of species than do men by breeding because of time needed for greater differences: â€Å"†¦adding up in any given direction mere individual differences, so could Nature, but far more easily, from having incompatibly longer time at her disposal† (Darwin 22). In other words, Darwin could demonstrate every point and every concept of his theories, suggestions, and hypotheses using society and natural environment as examples because the structure of the natural societies such as prides, shoal, packs, and other groups is very similar to the structure existing in human society. A long period of time was necessary to infer from observing nature and society. Conclusion Different researchers used the method of observation to examine the world, its structure, and minor groups and concepts existing in it. Thus, Darwin was not the only to focus on the origin of species but one of the first to implement the analysis of species to human beings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is It to Live in Time: Observing Nature and Society in the Long Run of Time specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Freud analyzed the interactions between people as he saw the war and wanted to explore the reasons and peculiarities o individuals and civilizations. So, every observation needs a long period of time to make logical and ade quate conclusions concerning the nature and society and relations between these concepts. Works Cited Darwin, Charles. On Natural Selection. New York: Penguin, 2005. Print. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2010. Print. Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Marx/Engels Internet Archive 1987, 2000. Web. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm. This essay on What Is It to Live in Time: Observing Nature and Society in the Long Run of Time was written and submitted by user Mason Ballard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Chemically Modified Foods essay

buy custom Chemically Modified Foods essay Genetic engineering is a science that involves the modification of plants and animals genetic material. This was historically practiced by farmers, but recently, it was approved as a food production technology. The manipulation of DNA and transferring it to a different organism introduces a trait of any organism to animals, virus, bacteria or plants, and the transgenic organism are programmed to produce in bulk substances such as hormones, nutrients, monoclonal antibodies, enzymes, and various pharmaceutical products such as vaccines and drugs (Uzogara, 2000). This technique is used to transform animals and plants for use as food, and this has created a controversy of whether the food is good for human consumption or not. This paper will discuss the possible effects of chemically modified foods on human health and environment. Chemically modified foods were developed to save the human race and animals from the problem of food crisis, however, according to critics of this technology; the foods produced have raised concerns, not only for the altered nutritional quality, carcinogenicity, toxicity, allergenicity and safety, but also for the effects it has on the environment (Amin Jahi, 2004). The critics highlight that the transfer techniques of genes can lead to mistakes that are beyond correction by human efforts (Uzogara, 2000). The genetic materials might not be transfer to the target cells, any transfer to the wrong cell might lead to unexpected mutation, causing infertility, toxicity or unsuitability. The potential risks associated with such an occurrence are; Alteration in the Quality of Foods When genes are transferred to the wrong cells, they might cause a change in the nutritional value of foods; the levels of certain nutrients might increase as the level of other decrease. However, there is little research on the effects of the change in the levels of food nutrients. Critics highlight that the technology of chemically modified foods changes at a greater pace that scientists are not able to predict the effects and the extent of the effects on pediatric nutrition; for this reason, they advise people to avoid feeding infants with chemically modified food products. Allergenicity from Chemically Modified Foods Critics also concerned with the effects that might be caused by the chemically modified food plants; these foods might transfer allergenic characteristics of the gene donor plant or animals to the recipient plant or animal. Moreover, the chemically modified foods use donor micro-organisms whose potential to cause allergenicity is untested or not known (Uzogara, 2000). There is a potential for new gene combination and non-food sources to cause allergic reactions or aggravate the existing ones. Toxicity The modified foods are also accused of enhancing natural plant toxins; according to the Uzogara, as the desired gene is switched on in plants, the gene might also increase the capacity of the plant to release poison. According to Uzogara (2000, p. 185), Genes for some natural toxins such as protease inhibitors in legumes, cyanogens in cassava and lima beans, goitrogens in canola species, and pressor amines in bananas and plantains, may be turned on and lead to an increase in levels of these toxins which can pose a hazard to the consumers of these crops. Resistance to Antibiotics Maker genes with antibiotic resistance are mostly used in genetic engineering; there are concerns that when antibiotic resistance genes are used in breeding food crops, they might have harsh consequences to the consumers of the breed food crops. A report from the British Medical Association highlights that when maker genes with antibiotic resistance are inserted in some crops, they transfer microbes that cause diseases in animals and people consuming the foods. This might cause antibiotic resistant microbes in the animal or human population, thereby causing antibiotic resistance among the population (Wieczorek, 2003). Environmental Concerns The human and plant populations are affected by any destruction done to the environment, and this is why the environmentalists are concerned about the effects of the genetically modified food crops. According to Amin Jahi (2004, p. 103), the environment is valued for what it can provide for humans, and we protecct it so that the resources will be there for our use and that of future generations. Genetic engineering recommends the cultivation of crops that are resistant to insects and contains herbicides, however, according to environmentalists, these crops could pollinate wild species, creating super-weeds among wild plants; this might have consequences that are yet to be known (Wieczorek, 2003). These super-weeds can affect plant yields, whose consequences include a disruption of the natural ecosystems. The weeds might be difficult to control, thus requiring expensive control programs. Also, the genetic engineers work hard to enhance plant resistance, and if they do not take precau tions, they could introduce new viruses, which might pose risks to other organisms in the environment. Benefits of Genetically Modified Foods The genetic engineers have defended these claims by saying that, foods that are manufactured through genetic engineering are subjected to rigorous testing before are made available for human consumption. Besides, these foods also have health and environmental benefits. For instance, chemically modified fruits such as tomatoes have an improved shelf-life as well as quality. AccordingWieczorek (2003, p. 2), Farmers use crop-protection technologies because they provide cost-effective solutions to pest problems which, if left uncontrolled, would severely lower yields. The production of chemically modified foods enhances milk and meat production among other foods, which helps to alleviate nutritional problems around the globe. Genetically modified foods also have environmental benefits; they come up with biological defense against stresses, viruses, herbicides, pests, weeds and diseases. Also, the genetically modified plants have been found to remove industrial waste and recycle toxic wastes. Conclusion Analyzing the debate on genetically modified foods and its effects on human and animal health, as well as the environment, more research has to be done on this issue in order to clear the doubts of consumers, and for genetic engineers to be sure of the effects and implications of genetically modified foods before releasing it for human consumption. Buy custom Chemically Modified Foods essay

The Broadway Cafe Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Broadway Cafe - Assignment Example As part of developing a new business strategy for Broadway Cafe, Porter’s five forces will be used in examining the external environment of the business. Eventually, the Cafe’s critical success factors that contribute to the development of its comparative advantage will be identified and tackled in details. External Environment of Broadway Cafe New Entrants Establishing a coffee shop business requires very minimal capital requirement. Therefore, coffee is widely sold within the neighborhood not only by large-scale restaurants but also the local fast food chains and grocery stores. Since the threat for new business entry is very high, market competition within the coffee industry is very tight. Rivalry among Existing Competitors The threat of product substitution and barriers to entry is high. In line with this, we should consider that Broadway Cafe is selling specialized coffee products which are incomparable to instant coffee products or other brand-less brewed coffee sold in supermarkets, grocery stores, and fast food chains. In the absence of Starbucks Coffee operating within the neighborhood, rivalry among existing competitors is low. ... Aside from competing with Starbucks, coffee drinkers could also decide to simply purchase low-cost instant coffee that are readily available from the local supermarkets and grocery stores. Bargaining Power of Buyers Considering the options that buyers have when it comes to purchasing coffee products, the bargaining power of buyers against Broadway Cafe is very high. In case Broadway Cafe’s valued customers becomes less satisfied with the coffee quality and services delivered to them, each one of them has the advantage to decide on purchasing their coffee either from the local fast food chains that offers coffee or directly from Starbucks. Bargaining Power of Suppliers As a result of globalization, the bargaining power of suppliers is low because Broadway Cafe has the business advantage of purchasing its coffee products from highly competitive supplier who could offer the company with high quality coffee beans at a discounted price. As a result of purchasing coffee bean product s by bulk, Broadway Cafe could easily sell a wide-range of coffee flavors at the lowest possible price. Comparative Advantage and Critical Success Factors of Broadway Cafe over Starbucks In relation to high coffee bean quality, affordable coffee prices, and reliable customer service, the critical success factors of Broadway Cafe include the company’s strong brand equity and brand image (Bennett & Rundel-Thiele, 2005; Yoo, Donthu & Lee, 2000). In line with this, keeping the customers satisfied is one of the strength of Broadway Cafe. Over the years, the company managed to deliver what its customers want. Since Broadway Cafe was able to monopolize the coffee business within the neighborhood for a long

Addiction From Historical Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Addiction From Historical Perspective - Essay Example The story of drug addiction actually begins with the opium wars in China and the fight between the Chinese and the English. The English actually brought opium to China as a way to trade something to them that China did not have and to have an alternative to using silver. In 1839, opium had been outlawed by the government of China to only be used for medicine. However, the British were able to purchase cheap opium and bring it into the country through the British East India Company (Allingham, 2006). Suddenly opium was available everywhere and although it started out as something that only the rich could afford, it quickly spread to about 90% of males under the age of 40 in the coastal regions of China. This had a direct impact on business, civil service and the standard of living; they all were falling apart (Allingham, 2006). Lin Ze-xu (1785-1850), the then appointed anti-opium commissioner estimated that about four million people were addicted to opium; however, a British physician working in the area stated that the addiction was more likely to be 12 million (Allingham, 2006). By 1837, opium was a larger import than any other traded commodity. Wars broke out over the sale and use of opium because of the trade laws that were enacted upon the British. By 1773, opium was traded globally but the British Governor-General of Bengal created a monopoly on the sale of opium and continued to sell Indian opium to China regardless of the rules that China had established for trade. By 1797, opium was eliminated in Bengal, but by the late 19th century, Bengal’s opium was being grown, processed and exported in Bengal (McCoy, n.d.). Alcohol Addiction Begins to be Seen More Often Although alcoholism goes back to biblical days, it has always depended on social trends. Usually, alcohol was a part of every ceremony and every culture. Alcohol was used during the colonial period and was used both as a beverage and as a medicine. The early colonists allowed drunkenness as l ong as it did not interfere with an individual’s ability to work and make a living (Anonymous, 2009). By the mid to late 19th Century, people stopped trying to control the individual’s behavior to trying to control the consumption of alcohol. As social problems like crime and poverty began to take its toll on the society at large, the social reform movement began to attempt to stop the sale of alcohol. Most people will remember that the Temperance Movement was set to eliminate all of alcohol but of course this did not work because people continued to make their own alcohol. By 1930s, American â€Å"alcohol science† was recreated and in this decade Alcoholics Anonymous had also begun (â€Å"History†, 2009). The Use of Patent Medicine The use of patent medicines during the 18th and early 19th Century was a precursor to drug regulations. These first medicines had substances like cocaine or heroin in them and the consumers who bought them did not know that th ese drugs could harm them. Patent medicines were sold as elixirs and tonics that could cure many illnesses whether the consumer was an adult, a child or an infant (Drug Addiction, 2010). Many of these medicines were said to cure tuberculosis and arthritis and many people began to take these remedies which lead to addiction. At that time addiction was unknown and there were no restrictions on their use. Many people ended up losing their lives or having them destroyed because of their use of these remedies. Many early doctors saw that these remedies were actually not helping the ailment and that they were creating addictions instead. However, the patent medicine makers protested any laws that were put in place to stop them from selling the medicines. Eventually, these drugs were stopped once journalists began to talk about

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Business Law - Essay Example It was thus making an offer of its product to firm of Taite, Lewis and Co, at a particular price each model specification is also spelt out in the brochure. Sagay, I.E., (1993) defined an offer in his book, Nigerian of contract as â€Å"†¦ a definite undertaking or promise made by one part with the intention that it shall become binding on the party making it as soon as it is accepted by the party to whom it is addressed†. Whizz PC Ltd becomes the offeror and Taite, Lewis and Co becomes the offeree. A contract comes into existence only between the offeror and the person or persons responding to the offer and accepting it. This principle was declared in the famous case of Carbolic Smoke Ball Co v. Carllil1 by brown, L.J., is now expressed by stating that an offer can be made not only to an individual or group of persons, but also to the whole world. In the case2, defendant had argued that no contract could arise from their advertisement because you cannot make a contract with the whole world. This argument the court demolished by stating as follows: For an offer capable of becoming binding on acceptance, it must be definitely clear and final. If it is merely a preliminary move in negotiation which may lead to a contract, it not an offer but an invitation to treat. This was the case when Whizz PC Ltd sent its brochure to the Taite, Lewis and Co firm. The offeror must not â€Å"merely have been feeling his way towards an agreement not merely initiating negotiations from which an agreement might or might not in time result†3. On 27 of January, the partners of Taite, Lewis and Co wrote to whizz PC ltd placing an order for 20 of the whiz 4000 PCs stipulating that the price of 500 Pounds must include installation and a 24 months onsite repair/troubleshooting service. The firm of Taite, Lewis and Co, stated that it will pay for the supply if machines 60 days after the date of the delivery. In the invitation of treat sent by

The Respiratory Lungs Buffer Response Biology Essay

The Respiratory Lungs Buffer Response Biology Essay Acid-base balance is predominantly maintained through several physiologic methods that might be distress by occurrences such as severe ailments or injury. To maintain pH amid the normal scale of around 7.35-7.45, the development of acidic surroundings must be either cushioned or excreted. The instruction of acid-base equilibrium remains overseen by three critical processes, namely: buffer system, respiratory, and renal methods. The paper investigates the role of the lungs in overseeing stabilization of blood pH. Carbon dioxide (CO2) derives from typical body metabolic processes. Once oxygen is inhaled, and CO2 is exhaled, the blood transports the oxygen or carbon dioxide either to the lungs and/or body tissues. Disturbances in the processes impacts on CO2 intensities and HCO3- are expected to produce acid-base disparities (Raymond 2010, p.244). An outstanding system through which the body exploits to direct pH entails the discharge of CO2 from the lungs. The brain adjusts the magnitude of CO2 exhaled by guiding the pace and intensity of breathing. This forces the lungs to either augment or lessen the tempo and intensity of ventilation until the appropriate quantity of carbon dioxide has been re-instituted. The magnitude of CO2 released influences the pH of the blood, which heightens as breathing, turns out to be fast, and profound (Chatterjea and Shinde 2012, p.713). In adjusting, the pace and deepness of breathing, the brain plus the lungs direct the blood pH. The Respiratory (Lungs) Buffer Response Usually, blood pH ranges in the region of 7.4 (slightly alkaline). In the event that pH levels drop to 7.6, then body cells are likely to cease functioning. It is obvious that blood pH levels 7.9 are lethal even if they last for a short time, which renders it essential to gain equilibrium in pH levels (Sherwood 2007, p.11). The competence of the body to handle every pH adjustment is steered by three indispensable factors, namely: the lungs, the kidneys, and buffers. In the event that a strong acid manifest, the bicarbonate-carbonic acid, which yields an overall rise of carbonic acid that dissociates into CO2 and H2O. An augmentation of H+ within the blood triggers the medulla to augment the respiratory tempo that assists CO2 eradication (Brown et al. 2011, p.323). In the event that pH stays high relative to an augmentation in HCO3-, the respiratory centre holds back, and consequently the respiratory tempo lessens (Raymond 2010, p.245). This enhances CO2 retention in which it becomes accessible to form carbonic acid that cushions the surplus bicarbonate. The respiratory system consequently balances the registered alterations within pH transmitted to metabolic disorders by regulating Pco2 that alters the bicarbonate carbonic acid proportion. Nonetheless, the respiratory system cannot orchestrate any loss or an augmentation of hydrogen ions. Buffers direct molecules that admit or discharge ions in order to maintain the H+ ion absorption at a certain level. Buffers facilitate to saturate up additional H+ ions with the majority buffer entailing a fusion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion (HCO3). CO2 derives carbonic acid (H2CO3) when is liquefies in water and operates as an acid releasing hydrogen ions (H+) when necessitated (Lew 2010, p.31). The respiratory system pursues sustenance of appropriate blood pH, in the event that the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system fails to react quick enough to stabilize the registered pH interferences, processes such as hyper/hypoventilation can be induced to direct the amount of carbonic acid contained in the blood (Rhoades and Bell 2013, p.454). The respiratory centre reacts by varying levels of H2CO3- within the blood. Hyperventilation makes the body to breathe out and remove CO2 from the bloodstream, through the lungs. The expulsion of carbon dioxide diminishes acidity within the blood pH. The reverse method transpires in cases of hypoventilation that leads to the withholding of CO2 within the blood (Lew 2010, p.32). The CO2 becomes carbonic acid when it dwells within the blood and combines with water. In the event that carbon dioxide is retained, then the acidic intensity of the blood increases. This amplified acid bears the capability to buffer any excess base that registers within the blood. In the event that the blood alkalinity rises, then hypoventilation may involve a pertinent way to neutralize it and overturn the progression so that the blood pH returns to usual levels (Chatterjea and Shinde 2012, p.714). Constituents that control acid-base stability comprise protein, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorous. Cells and body fluids inside the body entail acid-base buffers that assist in the deterrence of speedy modifications inside the body fluid pH over short episodes until the kidneys and pulmonary systems can achieve appropriate alterations. The kidneys, as well as the pulmonary system toil to uphold acid-base equilibrium by means of excretion contained by the urine or respiration (Plowman and Smith 2008, p.279). The temporary pressure of PCO2 amid the pulmonary system can be measured with a blood sample and links with blood CO2 levels. PCO2 can then be utilized as a marker of the intensity of acid within the body. Common Diseases and Disorders Acid-base disparities surge principally from either metabolic or respiratory malfunctions. An amplification of HCO3- designates metabolic alkalosis whereas a decline in a similar substance outlines metabolic acidosis. An increase in PCO2 is leads to respiratory acidosis, whereas a decline in a parallel element is designated as respiratory alkalosis. Mostly, respiratory alkalosis originates from hyperventilation, and the means of stabilization incorporating kidneys preserving developed quantities of HCO3- to amplify pH (Brown et al. 2011, p.324). Respiratory acidosis, on the other hand, may flow from respiratory depression activated by under-ventilation, and the form entailing kidneys excreting augmented quantities of HCO3- to diminish pH. Conclusion A significant constituent of blood marks its intensity of acidity or alkalinity in which the blood acidity increases when the intensity of acidity compounds within the body swells (through augmented uptake or creation, or curtailed exclusion) or when the intensity of crucial (alkaline) compounds inside the body plunges (via diminished intake or augmented removal). Body alkalinity grows with the overturning of the processes. Ventilation plays an indispensable function in maintaining pH stability. The respiratory system can inspire modifications in pH levels amid a period of about 1-3 minutes and can eliminate or preserve CO2 (that automatically impacts on the acid-base status) more promptly and competently relative to all other buffer systems.

Don Cherry :: essays research papers

Don Cherry, born and raised in Kingston Ontario, is known for his openness, often debatable and always amusing commentary. Mr. Cherry can be seen weekly during the National Hockey League season. He has a segment during the first intermission, every Saturday on CBC's Hockey Night In Canada called the Coach's Corner. Don grew up playing hockey, for he was playing in the OHL by the time he was 17. Unfortunately, Don never made it big, but he managed to make his way around the minor league system for a good 15 years. He played a few games in the NHL, attended many training camps, but nothing to brag about. But, that is where Don is different, for he will brag about his days on the ice. He will let every one know about his toughness, grit and determination. After his days as a minor league player, Don was hired on as the head coach for the Boston Bruins, where he experienced much success including a coach of the year award in 1976. It was in 1984 where Don found his true calling though, for it was that year where he accepted a job on the popular Hockey Night in Canada. Don's first controversial television interview came after the 1986/87 World Junior Championship game, in which Canada and the Soviets had an unbelievable brawl. Don condoned the on-ice violence, and that it what he believes in to this very day. Now it is almost as though every Saturday night, Don has something new and controversial to say. It is for this reason that large numbers of people tune in for the first intermission to see Coach's Corner. Don has been very open with his dislike for European hockey players, especially Russian's. Don is the owner of the Mississauga Ice Dogs of the OHL, and he does not have one European player on the team. Don has also been very open with regards to fighting in hockey. He has stated time and time again that fighting is part of hockey, and for this he has been criticized greatly. This is an example of one of Don's many great qualities. Don Cherry's best quality is the fact that he has the ability to say what he thinks, and say what he believes. For example, during the last Winter Olympics in Nagano, Premier Bouchard of Quebec complained that the Jean Luc Brossard carried a Canadian flag instead of a Quebec flag.